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0 The U.S. Supreme Court on Thursday struck down race-conscious student admissions programs currently used at Harvard University and the University of North Carolina in a sharp setback to affirmative action policies often used to increase the number of Black, Hispanic and other underrepresented minority groups on campuses.
The justices ruled in favour of a group called Students for Fair Admissions, founded by anti-affirmative action activist Edward Blum, in its appeal of lower court rulings upholding programs used at the two prestigious schools to foster a diverse student population.
The decision, powered by the court’s conservative justices with the liberal justices in dissent, was 6-3 against the University of North Carolina and 6-2 against Harvard. Liberal Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson did not participate in the Harvard case.
The affirmative action cases represented the latest major rulings powered by the Supreme Court’s conservative majority. The court in June 2022 overturned the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision that had legalized abortion nationwide. The court also broadened gun rights in another landmark ruling.
Chief Justice John Roberts, writing for the majority, said the admissions programs of the two schools couldn’t be reconciled with the guarantees of the Equal Protection Clause,” referring to the U.S. Constitution’s promise of equal protection under the law.
Roberts said that some universities have “concluded, wrongly, that the touchstone of an individual’s identity is not challenges bested, skills built, or lessons learned but the colour of their skin. Our constitutional history does not tolerate that choice.”
“At the same time,” Roberts went on, “as all parties agree, nothing in this opinion should be construed as prohibiting universities from considering an applicant’s discussion of how race affected his or her life, be it through discrimination, inspiration, or otherwise.”
‘Rolls back decades’ of progress: Sotomayor
Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote in dissent that the decision “rolls back decades of precedent and momentous progress.”
Students for Fair Admissions alleged that the adoption by UNC, a public university, of an admissions policy that is not race neutral violates the guarantee to equal protection of the law under the Constitution’s 14th Amendment.
The group contended Harvard, a private university, violated Title VI of a landmark federal law called the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which bars discrimination based on race, colour or national origin under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.
Many institutions of higher education, corporations and military leaders have long backed affirmative action on campuses not simply to remedy racial inequity and exclusion in American life, but to ensure a talent pool that can bring a range of perspectives to the workplace and U.S. armed forces ranks.
According to Harvard, around 40 per cent of U.S. colleges and universities consider race in some fashion.
Harvard and UNC have said they use race as only one factor in a host of individualized evaluations for admission without quotas — permissible under previous Supreme Court precedents — and that curbing its consideration would cause a significant drop in enrolment of students from under-represented groups.
“For some reason, every time people of colour take a step forward, this nation finds a way to take three steps back,” said Black Congress member Frederica Wilson of Florida.
McCarthy praises ruling
Critics, who have tried to topple these policies for decades, argue these policies are themselves discriminatory.
Many U.S. conservatives and Republican elected officials have argued that giving advantages to one race is unconstitutional regardless of the motivation or circumstances. Some have advanced the argument that remedial preferences are no longer needed because America has moved beyond racist policies of the past such as segregation and is becoming increasingly diverse.
House Speaker Kevin McCarthy was among the Republicans praising Thursday’s ruling, stating that “now students will be able to compete based on equal standards and individual merit.”
Read the majority opinion in the case:
Affirmative action has withstood Supreme Court scrutiny for decades, most recently in a 2016 ruling involving a white student, backed by Blum, who sued the University of Texas after being rejected for admission.
The Supreme Court has shifted rightward since 2016 and now includes three justices who dissented in the University of Texas case and three new appointees by former Republican president Donald Trump.
