Ultra-Processed Foods Linked to Colorectal Cancer in Men

According to a new study, men who consumed high rates of ultra-processed foods were at 29% higher risk for developing colorectal cancer.

Scientists found that men who consumed high rates of ultra-processed foods were at higher risk for developing colorectal cancer than those who did not.

Many Americans overlook the less-than-ideal nutritional information of pre-cooked and instant meals due to ease and convenience. However, a team of scientists led by researchers at Tufts University and Harvard University hopes that will change for many after recently discovering a link between the high consumption of ultra-processed foods and an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

Recently published in The BMJ, the study found that men who consumed high rates of ultra-processed foods were at 29% higher risk for developing colorectal cancer than men who consumed much smaller amounts. Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer in the United States. The researchers did not find the same association in women.

“We started out thinking that colorectal cancer could be the cancer most impacted by diet compared to other cancer types,” said Lu Wang. She is the study’s lead author and a postdoctoral fellow at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts. “Processed meats, most of which fall into the category of ultra-processed foods, are a strong risk factor for colorectal cancer. Ultra-processed foods are also high in added sugars and low in fiber, which contribute to weight gain and obesity, and obesity is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer.”

Responses from over 200,000 participants, including 159,907 women and 46,341 men, were analyzed in the study across three large prospective studies which assessed dietary intake and were conducted over more than 25 years. Every four years, each participant was provided with a food frequency questionnaire that asked about the frequency of consumption of roughly 130 foods.

For the study in BMJ, participants’ intake of ultra-processed foods was then classified into quintiles, ranging in value from the lowest consumption to the highest. Those in the highest quintile were found to be the most at risk for developing colorectal cancer. There was a clear link identified for men, particularly in cases of colorectal cancer in the distal colon (the last part of the colon), but the study did not find an overall increased risk for women who consumed higher amounts of ultra-processed foods.

The Impacts of Ultra-Processed Foods

Differences in the ways that men and women consume ultra-processed foods and the prospective associated cancer risk were revealed in the analyses. Out of the 206,000 participants followed for more than 25 years, the research team documented 1,294 cases of colorectal cancer among men, and 1,922 cases among women.

The researchers discovered that the strongest association between colorectal cancer and ultra-processed foods among men comes from the meat, poultry, or fish-based, ready-to-eat products. “These products include some processed meats like sausages, bacon, ham, and fish cakes. This is consistent with our hypothesis,” Wang said.

Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, like soda, fruit-based beverages, and sugary milk-based beverages, is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in men, according to the research findings.

However, the team also found that not all ultra-processed foods are equally harmful with regard to colorectal cancer risk. “We found an inverse association between ultra-processed dairy foods like yogurt and colorectal cancer risk among women,” said co-senior author Fang Fang Zhang. She is a cancer epidemiologist and interim chair of the Division of Nutrition Epidemiology and Data Science at the Friedman School.

Overall, no link was found between ultra-processed food consumption and colorectal cancer risk among women. It’s possible that the composition of the ultra-processed foods consumed by women could be different than that of men.

“Foods like yogurt can potentially counteract the harmful impacts of other types of ultra-processed foods in women,” Zhang said.

Mingyang Song is co-senior author on the study and assistant professor of clinical epidemiology and nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. He added that, “Further research will need to determine whether there is a true sex difference in the associations, or if null findings in women in this study were merely due to chance or some other uncontrolled confounding factors in women that mitigated the association.”

Although ultra-processed foods are often associated with poor diet quality, there could be factors beyond the poor diet quality of ultra-processed foods that impact the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

For example, there are potential roles of food additives in altering gut microbiota and promoting inflammation that may promote cancer development. Likewise, contaminants formed during food processing or migrated from food packaging may also stimulate cancer development, Zhang noted.

Analyzing the Data

With more than a 90% follow-up rate from each of the three studies, the team of researchers had ample data to process and review.

“Cancer takes years or even decades to develop, and from our epidemiological studies, we have shown the potential latency effect—it takes years to see an effect for certain exposure on cancer risk,” said Song. “Because of this lengthy process, it’s important to have long-term exposure to data to better evaluate cancer risk.”

The studies included:

After an exclusionary process to eliminate past diagnoses or incomplete surveys, the investigators were left with prospective data from 159,907 women from both NHS studies and 46,341 men from the Health Professional Follow-up Study.

Adjustments were made for potential confounding factors such as family history of cancer, race, physical activity hours per week, history of endoscopy, smoking status, total alcohol intake and total caloric intake, regular aspirin use, and menopausal status.

Zhang is aware that the results for this cohort might differ from those for the general population since the study participants may be more inclined to eat healthily and steer clear of highly processed foods because they all worked in the healthcare industry. Due to changes in food processing methods during the past 20 years, the statistics may also be skewed.

“But we are comparing within that population those who consume higher amounts versus lower amounts,” Zhang reassured. “So those comparisons are valid.”

Changing Dietary Patterns

In a prior study Wang and Zhang published previously, they identified a trend in increased ultra-processed food consumption in U.S. children and adolescents. Both studies support the premise that many diverse populations may rely on highly processed foods as part of their daily diets.

“Much of the dependence on these foods can come down to factors like food access and convenience,” said Zhang, who is also a member of the Tufts Institute for Global Obesity Research. “Chemically processing foods can aid in extending shelf life, but many processed foods are less healthy than unprocessed alternatives. We need to make consumers aware of the risks associated with consuming unhealthy foods in quantity and make the healthier options easier to choose instead.”

Although Wang knows that change won’t happen overnight, she hopes that this research study, among others, will contribute to changes in dietary regulations and recommendations.

“Long-term change will require a multi-step approach,” Wang added. “Researchers continue to examine how nutrition-related policies, dietary recommendations, and recipe and formula changes, coupled with other healthy lifestyle habits, can improve overall health and reduce cancer burden. It will be important for us to continue to study the link between cancer and diet, as well as the potential interventions to improve outcomes.

Reference: “Association of ultra-processed food consumption with colorectal cancer risk among men and women: results from three prospective US cohort studies” by Lu Wang, Mengxi Du, Kai Wang, Neha Khandpur, Sinara Laurini Rossato, Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier, Euridice Martínez Steele, Edward Giovannucci, Mingyang Song and Fang Fang Zhang, 31 August 2022, The BMJ.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o1972

Research reported in this article was supported by awards from the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD011501), National Cancer Institute (UM1CA186107; P01CA087969; U01CA176726; U01CA167552; and R00CA215314), and a Mentored Research Scholar Grant in Applied and Clinical Research from the American Cancer Society. The content is solely the authors’ responsibility and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.